Modern geologists, drawing upon fundamental knowledge of geological processes and the Earth's evolution, study the interactions among geological, biological, and climatic processes. They utilize this knowledge to reconstruct historical climate and environmental changes, predict shifts in natural systems, ensure their sustainability, prevent and minimize natural hazards, investigate the potential of natural resources, and promote their effective exploration and sustainable management. Geologists also evaluate the anthropogenic impact on geological systems and, based on these studies, devise effective strategies for environmental conservation, adaptation to climate change, and preservation of the planet's natural wealth.
Geologists play an active role in fostering the integration of geological knowledge with other insights about the Earth's natural conditions and resources. This integration is essential for developing the planet's resource potential, ensuring the efficient, balanced, and sustainable use of all natural resources, safeguarding the environment, and preserving ecosystems.
Relevant legal documents and analytical materials from global agencies in the field of Environmental challenges
#energy #fossil sources #renewable sources #habitats
Declaration of the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Environment in Stockholm
This declaration marked the beginning of modern international environmental law and regulation. The conference drew attention to the ecological impact of technological progress, emphasizing the need for nations to take responsibility for their environmental footprint. As a result of the conference, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) was established to set the global environmental agenda and promote transformational change for people and nature. UNEP studies the causes of the triple planetary crisis, including climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution. UNEP has developed seven interlinked subprogrammes to address environmental issues: Climate Action, Chemicals and Pollutions Action, Nature Action, Science Policy, Environmental Governance, Finance and Economic Transformations and Digital Transformations. These programs work together to promote action on environmental protection, including at both national and international levels. Following the Stockholm Conference, there was an intensification of regulatory activities aimed at environmental protection.
environmental challenges
The report "Our Common Future" by the International Commission on Environment and Development, published in 1987
The report introduced the concept of sustainable development for the first time. It aimed to improve human living conditions while ensuring harmony with nature, promoting a model of human development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
environmental challenges
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
It was adopted in 1992 at the UN Conference in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). It established the basic principles of environmental law and was accompanied by the Long-term Program for further actions on a global scale, also known as the "Agenda on XXI century."
environmental challenges
The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change is the first international agreement adopted in 1992, that aims to combat global climate change and its harmful effects. The ultimate aim of the Convention is to stabilize atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations at a level that would prevent dangerous human interference with the climate system and prevent global changes in the atmosphere. This level must be reached in a period sufficient for natural, ecosystem-based adaptation to climate change. This approach ensures that food production is not endangered and that further economic development can be pursued sustainably. The Convention defines the general directions of combating global climate change and the application of the principle of common but differentiated responsibility, which takes into account the different level of socio-economic development of countries. The convention recognizes that industrialized countries and transition economies, which have made a greater anthropogenic contribution of CO2 in the process of their economic development, bear a greater responsibility for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This is known as the principle of historical responsibility.
environmental challenges
The Kyoto Protocol
It is an international treaty which extended the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in Earth’s atmosphere to solve global warming. The Kyoto Protocol was in force from 2005 to 2020 and was adopted by 192 parties. The protocol covered six greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). The protocol established quotas for greenhouse gas emissions for each country, in accordance with the principle of common but differentiated responsibility. If a country did not use its entire Kyoto quota, it could sell the excess to another party, which would then have the opportunity to emit more greenhouse gases. The first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol began in 2008 and ended in 2012. The overall target of the protocol was to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by an average of 5% against 1990 levels over the period of 2008-2012. In 2012, a second commitment period was agreed upon, known as the Doha Amendment, which established a second commitment period for 37 countries from 2013 to 2020. While the Kyoto Protocol was considered a pilot and largely fulfilled its mission, the goal of keeping global warming under 2°C requires an even greater reduction of global emissions. Marginal global emissions must be reduced by 80% by 2050 in order to protect against irreversible changes in the global climate system. Achieving this goal requires a global transition to innovative energy-saving technologies and alternative energy sources. This is the only way to effectively combat climate change and ensure a sustainable future for our planet.
environmental challenges
The UN Millennium Declaration
The UN Millennium Declaration which was adopted in 2000 at the Millennium Summit. The Declaration presented 8 Millenium Development Goals. These goals included eradicating extreme poverty and hunger, achieving universal primary education, promoting gender equality and empowering women, reducing child mortality, improving maternal health, combating HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases, ensuring environmental sustainability (including integrating sustainable development principles into country policies and programs, reversing environmental resource loss, reducing biodiversity loss, reducing the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation, and achieving significant improvements in the lives of at least 100 million slum-dwellers), and developing a global partnership for development.
environmental challenges
The outcome document of the Rio+20 UN Conference on Sustainable Development (2012) entitled "The Future We Want".
The conference adopted the concept for reducing poverty, promoting social justice, and ensuring environmental protection.
environmental challenges
The Paris Agreement of 2015
This agreement superseded the Kyoto Protocol. The treaty was ratified by 186 countries and the EU. The parties to the agreement have committed to implementing efforts to limit global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels by 2030. Unlike the Kyoto Protocol, the Paris Agreement places responsibility for reducing greenhouse gas emissions on all states, without establishing quantitative limitations on CO2 emissions. Each country determines its own policy in this area and adopts national climate action plans (NDCs), which include technological innovations and adaptation to climate change. The parties to the Paris Agreement also commit to developing national strategies for the transition to a carbon-free economy and establishing international transfer of "green" technologies in the areas of energy efficiency, industry, construction, and agriculture.
environmental challenges
The European Green Deal
It was announced in late 2019 for EU countries with a timeline until 2050. The EGD encompasses all sectors of the economy, including transport, energy, agriculture, construction and such industries, such as steel, cement, ICT, textiles and chemicals. In 2021, the EU updated and structured its climate agenda according to the thematic areas, including biodiversity, sustainable and smart mobility, industry (with a focus on transitioning to a circular economy, waste reduction, decarbonization of energy-intensive industries, and the introduction of a carbon tax), climate change (with a goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2050 and reducing emissions by 55% from the 1990 level by 2030), energy efficiency and efficient construction, sustainable agriculture, and zero pollution.
environmental challenges
The Changing Role of Geological Surveys (2020).
Publisher: The Geological Society of London – This publication is a collection of papers developed by the leadership of the world's geological surveys on how geological surveys are responding to national and international needs in a rapidly changing world. As countries move towards sustainable development and the public becomes increasingly aware of environmental issues through social media, the integration of resource capacity development and environmental stewardship becomes more important than ever. In this context, geological surveys will continue to provide critical information on Earth systems, hazardous natural phenomena, and climate change.
environmental challenges
New EU climate legislation (2021)
The climate policy of the EU is the main element of the new development strategy, the European Green Deal (EGD), which aims to combat the effects of climate change and protect the environment. The EGD strategy includes 8 areas. Biodiversity: preserving and restoring ecosystems, supporting the role of the sea and the ocean in economic development through the "blue economy." Sustainability and smart mobility: reduction of transport emissions, transition to carbon-free fuels and ecological modes of transport, such as public transportation and cycling, use of smart technologies. Industry: transition to the principles of a circular economy, which involves reducing waste, decarbonization of the energy sector, introduction of a border carbon tax. Climate change: transition to carbon neutrality by 2050, reducing emissions by 55% from 1990 levels by 2030. Energy efficiency: development of renewable energy sources, transition to an integrated energy system. Efficient construction: increasing the energy efficiency of buildings through renovations and new energy-efficient construction. Sustainable agriculture "Farm to Fork": promoting organic agriculture, reducing emissions and waste, and supporting healthy eating habits. Zero pollution: reducing the use of harmful chemicals. The key feature of the Green Deal is mandatory reduction of all emissions. This EGD differs from other environmental policy documents such as the Paris Agreement, which is of a framework nature and does not impose specific liabilities on countries. The EGD is implemented through large-scale "green" investments, with 1 trillion euros allocated over 10 years to "green" projects and the withdrawal of capital from outdated "dirty" industries. Financial instruments, such as the recently adopted EU Delegated Act on climate taxonomy, are being developed to determine which investments can be classified as "green" and which cannot. The European Commission's goal of transitioning the EU to be climate-neutral by 2050 is reflected in all spheres of the economy, as well as in cooperation with other countries in Europe and around the world.
environmental challenges
Global Resources Outlook
'Global Resources Outlook 2019' examines the global use of natural resources, authored by Bruno Oberle, Stefan Bringezu, Steve Hatfield-Dodds, Stefanie Hellweg, Heinz Schandl, and Jessica Clement, and published by the UNEP.
environmental challenges
Global Environment Outlook 6
The report ed. by Pierre Boileau, Paul Ekins, and Joyeeta Gupta, and published by the UNEP, provides a review of the state of the environment and its impact on human health, offering guidance for advancing the 2030 Agenda.
environmental challenges
The Second State of the Carbon Cycle Report
'The Second State of the Carbon Cycle Report' by Cavallaro et al., published by the U.S. Global Change Research Program, assesses the current state of the carbon cycle in North America and its relationship to climate and society.
environmental challenges
The state of the world’s land and water resources for food and agriculture: Systems at breaking point (SOLAW 2021)
Published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the report emphasizes the need to scale up environmentally responsible and climate-smart production to reverse resource deterioration and foster inclusive growth.
environmental challenges
The current state of space debris
The report by the European Space Agency, provides an overview of the space debris situation. Since the space age began in 1957, the launch of rockets, spacecraft, and instruments has created hazardous debris.
circumplanetary space
Space Debris and Human Spacecraft
The report by M. Garcia from NASA, provides a comprehensive overview of space debris, its potential threats, and NASA's preparedness to mitigate those risks.
circumplanetary space
State of Global Air 2020
The report by the Health Effects Institute and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation’s Global Burden of Disease, provides objective, high-quality data on air pollution levels and trends for major regions and populous countries.
atmosphere and climate catastrophe
Nature-based solutions for climate change mitigation
'Nature-based Solutions for Climate Change Mitigation' examines climate change effects by Lera Miles, Raquel Agra, Sandeep Sengupta, Adriana Vidal, Barney Dickson and published by the UNEP.
atmosphere and climate catastrophe
Global Catastrophic Risks 2021: Navigating the Complex Intersections
The report by the Global Challenges Foundation, the report provides an overview of the global catastrophic risks currently faced by the world and outlines major risks and summarizes ongoing efforts to manage them.
natural hazards
2020 Global Natural Disaster Assessment Report
The report is a product of the Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Ministry of Emergency Management, National Disaster Reduction Center of China, and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.
natural hazards
Atlas of Mortality and Economic Losses from Weather, Climate and Water Extremes (1970–2019) (WMO-No. 1267)
The by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) offers an overview of global impacts from weather, climate, and water extremes between 1970 and 2019.
natural hazards
Water Stress: A Global Problem That’s Getting Worse
The report by Claire Felter and Kali Robinson published on the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) website, highlights the threat of water scarcity to global communities, exacerbated by climate change.
water
Water security for all
The report is a comprehensive analysis of the greatest risks to society regarding water security, published by the United Nations Children's Fund.
water
The United Nations World Water Development Report 2021
The report by Richard Connor, published by UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme, explores the role of values in water resources management decisions. It highlights water's vital yet often overlooked role in homes, schools, workplaces, and healthcare.
water
Energy
The 2030 decarbonization challenge. The path to the future of energy
The report by Deloitte, provides insights on key aspects of BlackRock's sustainability strategy, including divesting from thermal coal-intensive companies, utilizing ESG criteria in investments, and offering sustainable funds.
energy
Net Zero by 2050, A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector
'Net Zero by 2050, A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector' by Stéphanie Bouckaert et al. and published by the International Energy Agency outlines a cost-effective pathway to achieve net-zero energy by 2050.
energy
Statistical Review of World Energy, 70th edition
The report by Bernard Looney published by BP p.l.c. provides insights into global energy statistics. The review has been a trusted source of data, assisting industry, governments, and commentators in understanding global energy market developments.
energy
Geopolitics of the Energy Transformation: The Hydrogen Factor
The publication by the IREA explores the geopolitical impacts of hydrogen developments. IRENA's Collaborative Framework on Geopolitics of Energy Transformation (CF-GET) conducted a detailed analysis of hydrogen's geopolitical implications.
energy
World Energy Transitions Outlook: 1.5°C Pathway
'The World Energy Transitions Outlook' authored by Rabia Ferroukhi and Dolf Gielen, and published by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA), outlines the potential of an accelerated energy transition through renewable energy deployment.
energy
Key World Energy Statistics 2021
The report by Dr. Fatih Birol and published by IEA is an introduction to energy statistics, providing top-level numbers across the energy mix, from supply and demand, to prices and research budgets, including outlooks, energy indicators and definitions.
energy
World Energy Outlook
'The 2021 World Energy Outlook,' published by the International Energy Agency (IEA), is a vital guide to seize opportunities, reap benefits, and manage risks in the critical phase of clean energy transitions.
energy
Fossil sources
Could tight oil go global?
The publication by Tim Gould and Christophe McGlade, published by the IEA, explores the global prospects of tight oil.
fossil sources
Working with Tight Oil
The publication by AIChE, focuses on challenges related to tight oil extraction. Tight oil, abundant in North America, poses unique challenges and is typically priced lower than benchmark crude oils like Brent or West Texas Intermediate.
fossil sources
Diversification and cooperation in a decarbonizing world : climate strategies for fossil fuel-dependent countries
The book by a team led by Grzegorz Peszko et al., published by the World Bank, explores the implications of decarbonization for fossil fuel-dependent countries.
fossil sources
Strategy of the Oil and Gas Climate Initiative (OGCI) of 2021 - an investment fund and consortium
The creation of the consortium was announced at the UN Climate Summit in 2014. OGCI brings together CEOs of the largest oil and gas companies, representing 30% world production. OGCI has identified 2 priority areas of its activity: accelerating the implementation of innovative technologies for carbon capture, storage, and utilization, as well as reducing CO2 and methane emissions in the global oil and gas industry. The organization aims to modernize oil and gas production, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and play an active role in accelerating the global transition to zero emissions through collective action.
oil and gas
Sustainability reporting guidance for the oil and gas industry
The guidance by Ipieca, provides a framework for standardizing public reporting practices. It consists of six modules covering the reporting process, governance, business ethics, climate change, energy environment, safety, security, and social aspects.
oil and gas
Oil and gas industry outlook
The 'Oil and Gas Industry Outlook' explores trends shaping the path ahead for oil and gas companies. Published by Deloitte Development, it provides valuable insights into the energy and industrials sector.
oil and gas
The role of oil and gas companies in the energy transition
The report by Robert J. Johnston, Reed Blakemore, and Randolph Bell, raises the question of the oil and gas industry's importance and its place in today’s world.
oil and gas
Decarbonizing Energy: From A to Zero
The Accenture report is a practical guide to decarbonization, that presents the world's first comprehensive study on decarbonization, providing insightful analyses and addressing key questions.
oil and gas
Clean coal technologies
Clean coal technologies by The World Coal Association encompass a range of technological options that enhance the environmental performance of coal. They play a crucial role in mitigating the environmental effects of coal throughout its lifecycle.
coal
Coal 2021. Analysis and forecast to 2024
The report by Carlos Fernández Alvarez, Jonas Zinke, and Fabian Arnold, and published by the IEA, provides a comprehensive outlook on coal demand, supply, and trade. It analyses the latest country-specific data to offer accurate forecasts.
coal
Fission Vision: Doubling Nuclear Energy Production to Meet Clean Energy Needs
The paper by the Nuclear Innovation Alliance, emphasizes the need to develop and deploy advanced nuclear technologies to meet clean energy goals by the mid-century.
atomic
Nuclear Energy for a Net Zero World
World Nuclear Performance Report 2021, a special edition of the World Nuclear Performance Report, released for COP26, describes reasons why it is important for global greenhouse gas emissions to be cut down and the role of nuclear energy in it.
atomic
World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2021
The report by Mycle Schneider (Independent Consultant, Project Coordinator and Lead Author, Paris, France) and published by Mycle Schneider Consulting Project provides a comprehensive overview of nuclear power plant data.
atomic
Renewable sources
Renewables 2021. Analysis and forecast to 2026
The report by the International Energy Agency, provides projections for renewable energy technologies in electricity, transport, and heat until 2026. It explores industry challenges and barriers to faster growth.
renewable sources
Renewables 2021. Global Status Report
'The Renewables 2021. Global Status Report' by Hannah E. Murdock, Duncan Gibb, and Thomas André, provided by BMZ, BMWi, and UNEP, presents comprehensive data and information on renewable energy.
renewable sources
NDCs and Renewable Energy Targets in 2021
The publication 'NDCs and Renewable Energy Targets in 2021' by Rabia Ferroukhi and Ute Collier, published by IREA, focuses on renewable energy within the NDCs.
renewable sources
Solar Energy Marketing & Industry Trends Shaping 2022
'The Solar Energy Marketing & Industry Trends Shaping 2022' by Team Linchpin provides an overview of solar power's evolution and its projected direction in 2022.
solar
New Materials, Efficiency Upgrades Advancing Solar Technologies
The article by D.Proctor, published by POWER, offers a review of solar advancements. It explores solar power's continuous growth fuelled by innovations like perovskites and energy storage systems that enhance rooftop solar efficiency.
solar
Solar PV
'The Solar PV' by Piotr Bojek, published on the International Atomic Energy Agency website, highlights sustainable energy systems.
solar
Global Wind Energy Research Collaboration
The IEA Wind TCP is an international co-operation of 23 countries and sponsor members that share information and research activities to advance wind energy deployment.
wind
Global Wind Report 2022
'Global Wind Report 2022' by Joyce Lee and Feng Zhao, published by the Global Wind Energy Council, provides an overview of the wind energy sector and its global industry.
wind
Ocean Energy. Key trends and statistics 2021
The report by OEE provides an overview of the trends and statistics in ocean energy for the year. It highlights key facts and trends from 2021, including the annual and cumulative capacity of tidal streams and turbine installations in Europe.
ocean
Renewable ocean energy
The publication by Timothy M. Persons published by the GAO, provides an overview of renewable ocean energy. It aims to address key questions about renewable ocean energy, including its definition, functioning, and level of maturity.
ocean
Oosterschelde Tidal Power project
The article by Maria Apolonia, published by Tethys and Tocardo, provides an analysis of seal and porpoise presence in Voordelta and Oosterschelde as part of the project.
ocean
Ocean Wave Technology Makes a Splash in the Renewables Space
The article by Sana Kazilbash, an editor at engineering.com, sheds light on the challenges faced by wave energy and how CalWave's innovative technology overcomes them.
ocean
Engineers look to river and ocean currents for clean energy
The article by John Fialka, published in Scientific American, features an interview with Mario Garcia-Sanz, the director of ARPAE, and Michael Lawson, the group manager of water power research and development at the NREL.
ocean
2021 Hydropower Status Report
2021 Hydropower Status Report, its eighth edition, is published by the International Hydropower Association (IHA) due to the world continuing dealing with the Covid-19 pandemic.
river current
Hydropower Special Market Report. Analysis and forecast to 2030
The report by the International Energy Agency (IEA) focuses on hydropower and examines the economic and policy environment for its development.
river current
2021 U.S. Geothermal Power Production and District Heating Market Report
The report by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and Geothermal Rising, with funding support from the Geothermal Technologies Office of the U.S. DOE analyses of the current state of the USA geothermal industry and market
geothermal
Geothermal: the solution underneath. The value of geothermal for a clean energy transition
The article by Global Geothermal Alliance, IDB and IRENA: International Renewable Energy Agency describes geothermal energy, its benefit, relevance and use.
geothermal
2020 EGEC Geothermal Market Report
The report by the European Geothermal Energy Council (EGEC) provides a comprehensive review of geothermal energy developments in Europe. It combines data from statistical analyses, local experts, utilities, energy agencies, and national associations.
geothermal
The Global Bioenergy Statistics 2020
The report by the World Bioenergy Association (WBA), aims to increase awareness of bioenergy's role in the global energy mix. It examines trends in renewable energy technologies and highlights their job creation potential.
biomass
Tracking the trends 2023. The indispensable role of mining and metals
The 15th Deloitte Global mining and metals report explores key trends shaping the industry’s future
minerals
Mineral Resource Governance in the 21st Century
The publication by the International Resource Panel explores mineral resources, their role in national economies, the significance of mining, and policy frameworks governing the sector.
minerals
The skin of the Earth - where life meets rocks
The movie by Friedhelm von Blanckenburg, Wolfgang Dümcke, Kirstin ÜbernickeL and realized within the German National Science Foundation (DFG), providing an understanding what forms the landscapes of the Earth.
geomorphology
How is modern climate change affecting landscape processes?
The publication by Amy E. East J. B. Sankey, and published by the Eos, describes how is modern climate change affecting landscape processes.
geomorphology
Global Land Outlook
The report by the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) provides a comprehensive guide for countries and communities to develop their own land restoration agenda, addressing the rationale, enabling factors, and various pathways.
geomorphology
Habitats
The Global Forest Goals Report 2021
The report by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs provides insights into the main global forest goals. It emphasizes the necessity of anchoring a sustainable, equitable, and greener future in the world's forests.
forests
Living Forests Report
‘The Living Forests Report’ has explained the reasons for and implications of an ambitious forest conservation target, published by World Wildlife Fund.
forests
The State of the World’s Forests 2022
The report published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, authored by Alastair Sarre, outlines key steps to advance three forest pathways, promote green recovery, and transition to circular economies.
forests
Grassland areas, production and use
The report by the European Commission, EUROSTAT, highlights the impact of agricultural grasslands on nutrient balances in Europe.
grasslands (greenlands)
A role for drylands in a carbon neutral world?
The report by Niall P. Hanan et al., published in Frontiers, explores drylands’ contribution to achieving carbon neutrality. It emphasizes the carbon storage capacity of drylands, encompassing vegetation, soils, and their extensive spatial coverage.
drylands
Trees, forests and land use in drylands: the first global assessment
The report by the FAO presents key findings on dryland trees, forests, and land use. Analysing the distribution of forests, wooded land, and other land uses, the report provides valuable insights.
drylands
Mountain ecosystem services and climate change: a global overview of potential threats and strategies for adaptation
The report by Egan Paul A. and Martin F. Price, published by UNESCO, explores the multifunctionality of mountains.
mountains
The 4th Strategic Plan 2016 – 2024. The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat – the “Ramsar Convention”
The report by Ramsar Wetlands outlines the conservation and wise use of all wetlands through local, national, and international actions.
wetlands
Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Wetlands and Water. Synthesis
The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment report examines the main factors driving change in wetlands and their potential consequences in different future scenarios. It encompasses inland, coastal, and human-made wetlands as defined by the Ramsar Convention.
wetlands
The Global Wetland Outlook: Wetlands disappearing three times faster than forests
The WWT publication overviews the Ramsar Convention report and warns about the rapid disappearance of wetlands compared to natural forests, highlighting the importance of wetlands for water resources.
wetlands
The Convention on Wetlands
An intergovernmental treaty published by Ramsar Convention Secretariat. It promotes the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands and their resources.
wetlands
The Global Wetland Outlook: Special Edition 2021
The report by Nigel Dudley produced by Secretariat of the Convention on Wetlands describes understanding of the status and value of wetlands and providing recommendations towards wetlands conservation.
wetlands
Coastal Littoral Zones
According to ERA, the Coastal Littoral Zone consists of zones having relatively homogenous environment conditions, such as nutrients, light, salinity, wetness in one zone, but dissimilar ones from adjacent zones by environmental discontinuities.
oceans
Future of Coastline Report
The report by Jason Dunstone and Linley Bertram, published by Square Holes Pty Ltd., explores community perceptions and attitudes towards managing Adelaide's coastline.
oceans
The Second World Ocean Assessment
The UN report provides a comprehensive analysis of the ocean's interactions with humans, encompassing environmental, social, and economic aspects. It updates the initial assessment by examining global ocean changes since 2010 and associated trends.
oceans
Ocean Solutions that Benefit People, Nature and the Economy
The report by the Ocean Panel Expert Group of the World Resources Institute presents a transformative vision for the ocean, supported by the latest scientific research and analysis.
oceans
Global Biodiversity Outlook 5
The publication by the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, presenting findings and recommendations for policy-making. It provides compelling evidence to inform policy decisions and shape an action plan.
biodiversity
The Living Planet Report
The Ulrika Westin’s report, published by the World Wide Fund for Nature, is a comprehensive study on global biodiversity trends and the state of our planet.
biodiversity